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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a wealthy female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might further moult to become soldiers or alates.
Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they develop.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also get involved in the social life of the colony and have certain different tasks to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed Discover More and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance. .
The king develops only slightly bigger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between 30Â to 50Â years); this is very different from ant my latest blog post colonies, in which a queen teammates once together with the male(s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die shortly after mating.6267 If your queen is absent, a termite king produces pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not occur.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the road to becoming Website alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into main reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated out of the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a dead principal reproductivesystem, and there may also be more than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.